LONDON OLYMPICS 2012
HIGHLIGHTS
On August 12, 2012, London bade a flamboyant and madcap
farewell to the Olympic Games with a romp through British pop and
fashion, bringing the curtain down on more than two weeks of action that ended
with USA topping the sporting world with 46 gold medals.
During a special eight-minute segment, the stadium was bathed in the colours and sounds of Brazil, as the Olympics looked ahead to 2016 when Rio de Janeiro is the host city.
The Olympic flag was handed to Eduardo Paes, Rio’s Mayor, before International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge described the London Games as “happy and glorious” and declared them closed—the words taken from Britain’s national anthem to the queen.
The main stadium was the setting for some of the most spectacular moments of the Games, including Jamaican sprint king Usain Bolt defending the 100, 200 and 4x100 metres titles he won in Beijing, the latter in a world-beating time.
British supporters will also cherish memories of the venue, where Somali-born runner Mo Farah won the 5,000 and 10,000 double to deafening roars and was celebrated as a symbol of the capital’s multi-culturalism.
The hosts won 29 golds to take third place in the rankings, their best result for 104 years, helping lift a nation beset by severe spending cuts and worried about social stability a year after violent riots swept parts of the capital.
Many will remember London 2012 for the record-breaking exploits of American swimmer Michael Phelps, who took his life-time medal haul to 22 including 18 golds, making him the most decorated Olympian in history. His tally helped the United States to the top of the Olympic table with 46 golds to second-placed China’s 38, reversing the order of the Beijing Games in 2008.
Opening Ceremony
on July 27, 2012, Britain’s Queen Elizabeth declared the London Olympics open after playing a cameo role in a dizzying ceremony designed to highlight the grandeur and eccentricities of the nation that invented modern sport.
Children’s voices, intertwining from the four corners of her United Kingdom, ushered in an exuberant historical pageant of meadows, smokestacks and digital wizardry before an audience of 60,000 in the Olympic Stadium, and a probable billion television viewers around the globe.
Many of them gasped at the sight of the 86-year-old queen, marking her Diamond Jubilee this year, putting aside royal reserve in a video where she stepped onto a helicopter with James Bond actor Daniel Craig to be carried aloft from Buckingham Palace.
A film clip showed doubles of her and Bond skydiving towards the stadium and, moments later, she made her entrance in person.
More than 10,000 athletes from 204 countries competed in 26 sports over 17 days of competition in the only city to have staged the modern Games three times.
Most of them were there for the traditional alphabetical parade of the national teams, not least the athletes from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and Yemen competing in their first Olympics since their peoples overthrew autocrats in Arab Spring revolutions.
Brunei and Qatar were led in by their countries’ first ever female Olympians and so, along with Saudi Arabia, ended their status as the only countries to exclude women from their teams.
At the end of a three-hour extravaganza, David Beckham, the English soccer icon who had helped convince the IOC to grant London the Games, stepped off a speedboat carrying the Olympic flame at the end of a torch relay that inspired many ordinary people around Britain.
Past Olympic heroes including Muhammad Ali, who lit the cauldron at the 1996 Atlanta Games, and British rower Steve Redgrave, the only person to win gold at five successive games, welcomed the flame into the stadium.
Yet it was not a celebrity but seven teenage athletes who lit a spectacular arrangement of over 200 copper ‘petals’ representing the participating countries, which rose up in the centre of the stadium to converge into a single cauldron.
During a special eight-minute segment, the stadium was bathed in the colours and sounds of Brazil, as the Olympics looked ahead to 2016 when Rio de Janeiro is the host city.
The Olympic flag was handed to Eduardo Paes, Rio’s Mayor, before International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge described the London Games as “happy and glorious” and declared them closed—the words taken from Britain’s national anthem to the queen.
The main stadium was the setting for some of the most spectacular moments of the Games, including Jamaican sprint king Usain Bolt defending the 100, 200 and 4x100 metres titles he won in Beijing, the latter in a world-beating time.
British supporters will also cherish memories of the venue, where Somali-born runner Mo Farah won the 5,000 and 10,000 double to deafening roars and was celebrated as a symbol of the capital’s multi-culturalism.
The hosts won 29 golds to take third place in the rankings, their best result for 104 years, helping lift a nation beset by severe spending cuts and worried about social stability a year after violent riots swept parts of the capital.
Many will remember London 2012 for the record-breaking exploits of American swimmer Michael Phelps, who took his life-time medal haul to 22 including 18 golds, making him the most decorated Olympian in history. His tally helped the United States to the top of the Olympic table with 46 golds to second-placed China’s 38, reversing the order of the Beijing Games in 2008.
Opening Ceremony
on July 27, 2012, Britain’s Queen Elizabeth declared the London Olympics open after playing a cameo role in a dizzying ceremony designed to highlight the grandeur and eccentricities of the nation that invented modern sport.
Children’s voices, intertwining from the four corners of her United Kingdom, ushered in an exuberant historical pageant of meadows, smokestacks and digital wizardry before an audience of 60,000 in the Olympic Stadium, and a probable billion television viewers around the globe.
Many of them gasped at the sight of the 86-year-old queen, marking her Diamond Jubilee this year, putting aside royal reserve in a video where she stepped onto a helicopter with James Bond actor Daniel Craig to be carried aloft from Buckingham Palace.
A film clip showed doubles of her and Bond skydiving towards the stadium and, moments later, she made her entrance in person.
More than 10,000 athletes from 204 countries competed in 26 sports over 17 days of competition in the only city to have staged the modern Games three times.
Most of them were there for the traditional alphabetical parade of the national teams, not least the athletes from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and Yemen competing in their first Olympics since their peoples overthrew autocrats in Arab Spring revolutions.
Brunei and Qatar were led in by their countries’ first ever female Olympians and so, along with Saudi Arabia, ended their status as the only countries to exclude women from their teams.
At the end of a three-hour extravaganza, David Beckham, the English soccer icon who had helped convince the IOC to grant London the Games, stepped off a speedboat carrying the Olympic flame at the end of a torch relay that inspired many ordinary people around Britain.
Past Olympic heroes including Muhammad Ali, who lit the cauldron at the 1996 Atlanta Games, and British rower Steve Redgrave, the only person to win gold at five successive games, welcomed the flame into the stadium.
Yet it was not a celebrity but seven teenage athletes who lit a spectacular arrangement of over 200 copper ‘petals’ representing the participating countries, which rose up in the centre of the stadium to converge into a single cauldron.
India’s Performance
India’s tally of two silver and 4 bronze medals was its best tally in Olympics. 81 athletes from India had competed in 13 sports.
Sushil Kumar became the first Indian to get back-to-back Olympic medals. He won silver medal in 66kg Freestyle Wrestling. He had won a bronze medal in the Beijing Olympics.
Subedar Vijay Kumar Sharma of 16 Dogra Regiment bagged silver medal in 25m rapid fire pistol event.
Yogeshwar Dutt, 2010 CWG gold winner, won India its fourth Bronze medal in 60kg freestyle Wrestling.
Five-time world champion MC Mary Kom won a bronze medal in women’s boxing (51 kg) event. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna (2009), Arjuna Award (2003) and Padamshree (2006) awardee, Mary Kom is the first Indian women boxer to qualify for Olympics. The 29-year-old boxer from Manipur came back from a two-year sabbatical after the birth of her twins to clinch her fourth successive world title in 2008, a feat that got her the sobriquet ‘Magnificent Mary’.
Ace marksman Gagan Narang opened India’s account in London Olympics by clinching a bronze medal in the men's 10 meter air. The burly Indian, who narrowly missed the final in Beijing, raised his gun above his head as his many compatriots in the crowd cheered loudly at the country's first medal of the Games.
Beijing Games gold medalist Abhinav Bindra, however, could not defend his title and crashed out of the event.
Saina Nehwal won women’s singles bronze in badminton when her opponent Wang Xin of China broke down with a knee injury after taking the opening game. Nehwal, ranked fifth in the world, became only the second Indian woman to win a medal in an individual Olympic sport.
22-year-old Irfan from Kerala did not win any medal but produced the best effort by an Indian in an Olympic walking event, finishing 10th in the 20km race, with a national record to boot.
In Hockey, India finished last in their group. This was the first time in Olympic history that India lost all their group matches.
History of India in Olympics
The first authentic Indian team took part at the 1920 Antwerp Olympic Games in athletics and wrestling. A National Olympic Committee was finally formed in 1927.
India's greatest successes at the Olympics have come in men’s hockey. They won every men’s title from 1928 to 1956. In 1960 they reached the final but lost to Pakistan to end the sequence. India were an ever present on the men’s hockey medal podium until 1976 and their last gold medal success in this sport came at the Moscow 1980 Olympic Games.
Indian shooters have challenged for medals in the new millennium. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore won silver in the men’s double trap in Athens 2004. Shooter Abinav Bindra became India’s first individual gold medalist when he won the 10m air rifle at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
At the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris, Norman Pritchard had won silver medals in the men’s 200m and the now discontinued 200m hurdles. He was the first medal winner born in India but confusion surrounds his nationality as India was then under British rule.
Mascot
Wenlock was the official mascot of the Games. The mascot was created and designed by iris, a London-based creative agency. Wenlock is an animation depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton. It was named after the Shropshire town of Much Wenlock, which held a forerunner of the current Olympic Games.
MEDAL TALLY OF TOP 10
COUNTRIES IN OLYMPICS
S.NO
|
COUNTRY
|
GOLD
|
SILVER
|
BRONZE
|
TOTAL
|
1.
|
USA
|
46
|
29
|
29
|
104
|
2.
|
China
|
38
|
27
|
22
|
87
|
3.
|
Britain
|
29
|
17
|
29
|
65
|
4.
|
Russia
|
24
|
25
|
33
|
82
|
5.
|
S Korea
|
13
|
8
|
7
|
28
|
6.
|
Germany
|
11
|
19
|
14
|
44
|
7.
|
France
|
11
|
11
|
12
|
34
|
8.
|
Italy
|
8
|
9
|
11
|
28
|
9.
|
Hungary
|
8
|
4
|
5
|
17
|
10.
|
Australia
|
7
|
16
|
12
|
35
|
India Census 2011
India now has a population of 1.21 billion according
to the latest Census figures released by the Home Secretary and the Registrar
General of India on March 31. This is an increase of 181 million people since
the last Census – nearly equivalent to the population of Brazil.
India’s population is now bigger than the combined
population of USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan and Bangladesh, says the Census
report. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state and the combined population of
UP and Maharashtra is bigger than USA.
Of the total population, 623.7 million are males
and 586.5 million are females.
However, the population grew at a rate of 17.64
percent which is the sharpest reduction in growth rate ever.
While Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Puducherry have the
highest population growth rate of about 55 percent, Nagaland has the lowest.
The density of population is highest in Delhi, followed
by Chandigarh.
The 2011 Census report also shows that India now has a
child sex ratio of 914 female against 1,000 male – the lowest
since Independence.
This is the 15th Census conducted since 1872.
It was carried out in two phases, covering 640 districts and 5924
sub-districts. The cost of the counting exercise is 22,000 million.
FIGURES AT A GLANCE – INDIA
|
|||
POPULATION
|
Persons
|
1,21,01,93,422
|
|
Males
|
62,37,24,248
|
||
Females
|
58,64,69,174
|
||
DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH 2001-2011
|
Absolute
|
Percentage
|
|
Persons
|
18,14,55,986
|
17.64
|
|
Males
|
9,15,01,158
|
17.19
|
|
Females
|
8,99,54,828
|
18.12
|
|
DENSITY OF POPULATION
(per sq. km.) |
382
|
||
SEX RATIO
(females per 1000 males) |
940
|
||
POPULATION IN
THE AGE GROUP 0-6 |
Absolute
|
Percentage to
total population |
|
Persons
|
15,87,89,287
|
13.12
|
|
Males
|
8,29,52,135
|
13.30
|
|
Females
|
7,58,37,152
|
12.93
|
|
LITERATES
|
Absolute
|
Literacy rate
|
|
Persons
|
77,84,54,120
|
74.04
|
|
Males
|
44,42,03,762
|
82.14
|
|
Females
|
33,42,50,358
|
65.46
|
|
Important Dynasties of India
Maurya Dynasty (300 B.C.–184 B.C.)
Chandragupta Maurya (324–300 B.C.)—He founded
the Maurya Empire in India with the help of Kautilya. He was a military genius
and an eminent statesman.
Ashoka the great (273–236 B.C.)—Coronation
in 269 B.C. He was the son of Bindusara. He conquered; Kalinga in 261 B.C. This
was killed the soldier in him and he embraced Buddhism.
Kushan Dynasty (40–176 A.D.)
Kanishka (78–101 or 102 A.D.)—He is known as a great empire builder. Like Ashoka he patronized Buddhism. He patronized the Gandhara School of Art. The famous Indian physician Charak and Bhuddhist lawyer Nagarjuna lived during his reign. Ashwaghosh a Buddhist monk also lived in his time.
Kanishka (78–101 or 102 A.D.)—He is known as a great empire builder. Like Ashoka he patronized Buddhism. He patronized the Gandhara School of Art. The famous Indian physician Charak and Bhuddhist lawyer Nagarjuna lived during his reign. Ashwaghosh a Buddhist monk also lived in his time.
Gupta Dynasty (320–550 A.D.)
The great rulers in this dynasty are: Chandra Gupta I. (2) Samudra Gupta, (330 –375 A.D.). Also known as Napoleon of India, (3) Chandra Gupta II. (375–413 A.D.) (Vikramaditya), and (4) Skanda Gupta (455–477 A.D.). The Gupta period is described as the golden period in the history of ancient India. Among the great personalities of the period mention may be made of Kalidas. The famous dramatist, Arya Bhatta, the famous astronomer and mathematician. Varahamihir and Brahmagupta also belonged to this age.
The great rulers in this dynasty are: Chandra Gupta I. (2) Samudra Gupta, (330 –375 A.D.). Also known as Napoleon of India, (3) Chandra Gupta II. (375–413 A.D.) (Vikramaditya), and (4) Skanda Gupta (455–477 A.D.). The Gupta period is described as the golden period in the history of ancient India. Among the great personalities of the period mention may be made of Kalidas. The famous dramatist, Arya Bhatta, the famous astronomer and mathematician. Varahamihir and Brahmagupta also belonged to this age.
Vardhana or Pushyabhuti Dynasty (560–647 A.D.)
The greatest king of this dynasty was Harsha Varadhan (606–647 A.D.). He was a great patron of art and literature. He himself was a man of letters having written two great books ‘Naga Nandin’ and ‘Ratnavali’. He was the last great Hindu ruler of India. Huen Tsang a Chinnese pilgrim visited India during his reign.
The greatest king of this dynasty was Harsha Varadhan (606–647 A.D.). He was a great patron of art and literature. He himself was a man of letters having written two great books ‘Naga Nandin’ and ‘Ratnavali’. He was the last great Hindu ruler of India. Huen Tsang a Chinnese pilgrim visited India during his reign.
Ghazni Dynasty (962–1116 A.D.)
Mahmud Ghazni (997–1030)—He was a great conqueror. He invaded India 17 times. His invasions weakened the Indian rulers and paved the way for Muslim rule in India. The famous Persian poet Firdausi, the writer of ‘Shahnama’ lived in his court.
Mahmud Ghazni (997–1030)—He was a great conqueror. He invaded India 17 times. His invasions weakened the Indian rulers and paved the way for Muslim rule in India. The famous Persian poet Firdausi, the writer of ‘Shahnama’ lived in his court.
Ghori (1186–1206 A.D.)
Mohammed Ghori (1186–1206)—He was defeated by Prithviraj, the ruler of Ajmer and Delhi at the first Battle of Tarain. He however, defeated Prithviraj at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192. This marked the beginning of permanent Muslim rule in India.
Mohammed Ghori (1186–1206)—He was defeated by Prithviraj, the ruler of Ajmer and Delhi at the first Battle of Tarain. He however, defeated Prithviraj at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192. This marked the beginning of permanent Muslim rule in India.
Slave Dynasty (1206–1290 A.D.)
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206–1210 A.D.)—He was the founder of the Slave Dynasty. He commenced the building of the Qutub Minar which was later completed by Altamash (1211–1236) who was succeeded by Razia Begum, (1236–1239 A.D.) his daughter.
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206–1210 A.D.)—He was the founder of the Slave Dynasty. He commenced the building of the Qutub Minar which was later completed by Altamash (1211–1236) who was succeeded by Razia Begum, (1236–1239 A.D.) his daughter.
Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320 A.D.)
Ala-ud-din Khilji (1296–1316 A.D.)—He was the most distinguished ruler of this dynasty. He was a great conqueror and his empire extended to the far south. He was famous for control of
markets.
Ala-ud-din Khilji (1296–1316 A.D.)—He was the most distinguished ruler of this dynasty. He was a great conqueror and his empire extended to the far south. He was famous for control of
markets.
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414 A.D.)
Mohammed Tughlaq (1325–1351 A.D.)—He was the
most distinguished ruler of this dynasty. He was known for his learning and
also for mixture of sagacity and madness. His transfer of capital from Delhi to
Daulatabad has been described by historians as an act of madness.
Lodhi Dynasty (1451–1526 A.D.)
Ibrahim Lodhi (1517–1526 A.D.)—He made some
mark in extending his dominions. He was a cruel ruler. He was defeated by Babur
in 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat, and the foundations of Mughal rule in
India were laid.
Mughal Rulers (1526–1857)
Babur (1526–1530 A.D.) founded the Mughal rule in India
in 1526 by defeating Ibrahim Lodhi—He however, did not live long
was and succeeded by his son Humayun (1530–1540 and 1555– 1556
A.D.) in 1530. Akbar (1556–1605 A.D.) was the most capable and
distinguished ruler of the Mughal dynasty. His son Jahangir (1605–1627
A.D.) followed in his foot steps to some extent. Jahangir was
succeeded by Shahjahan (1627–1659 A.D.) whose reign is
described as the golden period in Mughal history. His son Aurangzeb (1659–1707
A.D.) was the last great Mughal emperor. But with him began the downfall of the
Mughal Empire on account of his policy of intolerance which alienated the
Hindus especially the Rajputs.
Causes of the Downfall of the Mughal Empire
(1) The Empire had become too unwieldy to be managed.
(2) Aurangzeb’s policy of religious intolerance antagonized the Hindus.
(3) The successors of Aurangzeb were not competent rulers.
(4) The rivalry intrigues and corruption led to administrative chaos.
(5) Attacks of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali reduced it to a small size.
(6) It had not struck deep roots in the Indian soil.
(1) The Empire had become too unwieldy to be managed.
(2) Aurangzeb’s policy of religious intolerance antagonized the Hindus.
(3) The successors of Aurangzeb were not competent rulers.
(4) The rivalry intrigues and corruption led to administrative chaos.
(5) Attacks of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali reduced it to a small size.
(6) It had not struck deep roots in the Indian soil.
Suri Dynasty (1540–1555 A.D.)
Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545 A.D.)—Rule
provides an interragnum between two phases of Mughal rule in India. Sher Shah
defeated Humayun and forced him into exile. He carried out notable reforms in
administration.
The Marahattas (1649–1818 A.D.)—The
Marahatta power rose in the latter half of the 17th century. The Marahattas
organised their power under the leadership of Shivaji (1627-80). He was an able
ruler and commander. During the Peshwa period, the Marahatta power spread
through the major part of India. But at a time when the Marahatta power was at
its zenith and promised to establish its sway over the whole of India, the
forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali badly defeated the Peshwa forces in 1761 at the
Battle of Panipat. Though the Marahattas were defeated at the hands of Ahmad
Shah Abdali, neither of the two parties could maintain its sovereignty over
India. On the contrary this battle made the field clear for the establishment
of British East India Company’s rule in India.
The Peshwas (1708–1818)—after the
death of Shivaji, Peshwas continued their struggle. They did succeed to a great
extent in their struggle. A major portion of Indian peninsula came under their
control at the outset of British hold. But due to internal conflict and
subsequent weakening of power they succumbed to British power which had been
gaining momentum.
Important Dynasties in the
South
Chalukyas— Pulkeshin I was the
founder of this dynasty. He made Kanchi or Modern Badami his capital. His
grandson Pulkeshin II (609–642) was the most distinguished ruler of this
dynasty. He measured swords with king Harsha and defeated him on the bank of
the Narmada.
Cholas—Parantoka I was the founder of
this dynasty in 947. Chola rule reached its high water mark of glory under Raja
Rajadeva, the Great and his son Rajendra Choladeva I. The Cholas established
their supremacy even outside India.
Bahmani Muslim Kingdom (1346–1526 A.D.)—The Muslim
Kingdom was established in the Deccan during the reign of Mohammed Tughlaq and
founded in 1347 by a brave soldier, named Zafar Khan. The most illustrious
person of this kingdom was Mahmud Gawan, a persian who was a minister for a
long time. He was killed and after that the kingdom was split into five
independent states: (1) Bedar, (2) Berar, (3) Ahmednagar, (4) Bijapur, (5)
Golkunda.
Vijayanagar Empire (1336–1565 A.D.)—Harihar and
Bukka were the founders of this dynasty in 1336. The greatest rulers of this dynasty
were Deva Raya II and Krishna Deva Raya. The glory of Vijayanagar Empire was
smashed at the Battle of Talikota in 1565 when the Deccan Sultanates fought and
defeated Ramraja and killed him.
FIVE YEAR PLANS OBJECTIVES
1 First Plan (1951 – 56) It was based
on Harrod-Domar Model.
Community Development Program was launched in 1952.
Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport.
It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two years.
Community Development Program was launched in 1952.
Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport.
It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two years.
2 Second Plan (1956 – 61) also called
Mahalanobis Plan after its chief architect.
Its objective was rapid industrialization.
Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.
Its objective was rapid industrialization.
Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.
3 Third Plan (1961 – 66) At its
conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a take-off stage.
Therefore, its aim was to make India a ‘self-reliant’ and ‘self-generating’
economy.
Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of export and industry.
Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), and severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).
Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of export and industry.
Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), and severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).
4 Three Annual Plans (1966-69) Plan holiday
for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage
necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans.
During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving wide-spread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production.
During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.
During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving wide-spread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production.
During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.
5 Fourth Plan (1969 – 74) Main
emphasis on agriculture’s growth rate so that a chain reaction can start.
Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon.
Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war.
Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon.
Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war.
6 Fifth Plan(1974-79) The fifth plan
prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz,
‘removal of poverty’ (Garibi Hatao) and ‘attainment of self reliance’, through
promotion of high rate of growth, better distribution of income and a very
significant growth in the domestic rate of savings.
The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Govt.came to power.
The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Govt.came to power.
7 Rolling Plan (1978 – 80) There were 2
Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in operation for 2 years
only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it returned to power in 1980.
8 Sixth Plan (1980 – 85) Objectives:
Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous
decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning,
etc.
9 Seventh Plan (1985 – 90) The Seventh
plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at rapid growth in
food-grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity
within the framework of basic tenants of planning.
It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%.
It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%.
10 Eighth Plan (1992 – 97) The eighth
plan was postponed by two years because of political upheavals at the Centre
and it was launched after a worsening Balance of Payment position and inflation
during 1990-91.
The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%
Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit.
The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%
Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit.
11 Ninth Plan (1997- 2002) It was
developed in the context of four important dimensions: Quality of life,
generation of productive employment, regional balance and self-reliance.
12 Tenth Plan (2002 – 2007) To achieve
the growth rate of GDP @ 8%.
Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012.
Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labour force over the tenth plan period.
Universal access to primary education by 2007.
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007.
Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%.
Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012.
Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012.
Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012.
All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012.
Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.
Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012.
Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labour force over the tenth plan period.
Universal access to primary education by 2007.
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007.
Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%.
Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012.
Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012.
Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012.
All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012.
Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.
FEMALE WORLD LEADERS CURRENTLY
IN POWER
The following is a list of female presidents and prime
ministers who are presently in power as of MARCH 8, 2011.
CURRENT TOTAL: 18
|
#
|
Country
|
Leader
|
In office since:
|
Notes
|
|
1
|
Ireland
|
President Mary McAleese
|
Nov. 11, 1997 -
|
Elected
|
|
2
|
Finland (1st)
|
President Tarja Halonen
|
Mar. 1, 2000 -
|
Elected
|
|
3
|
Germany
|
Chancellor Angela Merkel
|
Nov. 22, 2005 -
|
Elected
|
|
4
|
Liberia
|
President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
|
Jan. 16, 2006 -
|
Elected
|
|
5
|
India
|
President Pratibha Patil
|
Jul. 25, 2007 -
|
Elected
|
|
6
|
Argentina
|
President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner
|
Dec. 10, 2007 -
|
Elected
|
|
7
|
Bangledesh
|
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed
|
Jan. 6, 2009 -
|
Elected
|
|
8
|
Iceland
|
Prime Minister Johanna Sigurdardóttir
|
Feb. 1, 2009 -
|
appointed 2009, elected 2009
|
|
9
|
Croatia
|
Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor
|
Jul. 6, 2009 -
|
Appointed
|
|
10
|
Lithuania
|
President Dalia Grybauskaite
|
Jul. 12, 2009 -
|
Elected
|
|
11
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
President Rosa Otunbayeva
|
Apr. 7, 2010 -
|
Coup
|
|
12
|
Costa Rica
|
President Laura Chinchilla
|
May 8, 2010 -
|
Elected
|
|
13
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar
|
May 26, 2010 -
|
Elected
|
|
14
|
Finland (2nd)
|
Prime Minister Mari Kiviniemi
|
Jun. 22, 2010 -
|
Appointed
|
|
15
|
Australia
|
Prime Minister Julia Gillard
|
Jun. 24, 2010 -
|
appointed 2010, elected 2010
|
|
16
|
Slovakia
|
Prime Minister Iveta Radicova
|
Jul. 8, 2010 -
|
Elected
|
|
17
|
Brazil
|
President Dilma Rousseff
|
Jan. 1, 2011 -
|
Elected
|
|
18
|
Switzerland
|
President Micheline Calmy-Rey
|
Jan. 1, 2011 -
|
Appointed
|
CHIEF JUSTICES OF SUPREME
COURT OF INDIA UPDATED
|
Number
|
Name
|
Period of office
|
Length of term
|
Bar
|
Notable cases
|
Notes
|
|
|
1
|
H. J. Kania
|
January 26, 1950
|
November 6, 1951‡
|
649 days
|
Bombay High Court
|
||
|
2
|
M. Patanjali Sastri
|
November 7, 1951
|
January 3, 1954
|
788 days
|
Madras High Court
|
||
|
3
|
Mehr Chand Mahajan
|
January 4, 1954
|
December 22, 1954
|
352 days
|
Himachal Pradesh High Court
|
||
|
4
|
B. K. Mukherjee
|
December 23, 1954
|
January 31, 1956‡‡
|
404 days
|
Calcutta High Court
|
||
|
5
|
Sudhi Ranjan Das
|
February 1, 1956
|
September 30, 1959
|
1,337 days
|
Calcutta HighCourt
|
||
|
6
|
Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha
|
October 1, 1959
|
January 31, 1964
|
1,583 days
|
Patna High Court
|
|
|
|
7
|
P. B. Gajendragadkr
|
February 1, 1964
|
March 15, 1966
|
773 days
|
Bombay High Court
|
AwardedPadma Vibhushan
|
|
|
8
|
Amal Kumar Sarkar
|
March 16, 1966
|
June 29, 1966
|
105 days
|
Calcutta High Court
|
||
|
9
|
Koka Subba Rao
|
June 30, 1966
|
April 11, 1967‡‡
|
285 days
|
Madras High Court
|
||
|
10
|
Kailas Nath Wanchoo
|
April 12, 1967
|
February 24, 1968
|
318 days
|
Allahabad High Court
|
||
|
11
|
Mohammad Hidayatullah
|
February 25, 1968
|
December 16, 1970
|
1,025 days
|
Bombay High Court
|
Acting President of India, Vice-President of India
|
|
|
13
|
Sarv Mittra Sikri
|
Jan 22, 1971
|
April 25, 1973
|
824 days
|
Lahore High Court
|
Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala
|
|
|
14
|
Ajit Nath Ray
|
April 26, 1973
|
January 27, 1977
|
1,372 days
|
Calcutta High Court
|
||
|
15
|
Mirza Hameedullah Beg
|
January 28, 1977
|
February 21, 1978
|
389 days
|
Himachal Pradesh High Court
|
||
|
16
|
Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud
|
February 22, 1978
|
July 11, 1985
|
2,696 days
|
Bombay High Court
|
||
|
17
|
P. N. Bhagwati
|
July 12, 1985
|
December 20, 1986
|
526 days
|
Gujarat HighCourt
|
||
|
18
|
R. S. Pathak
|
December 21, 1986
|
June 18, 1989‡‡
|
940 days
|
Himachal Pradesh High Court
|
||
|
19
|
E. S. Venkataramiah
|
June 19, 1989
|
December 17, 1989
|
181 days
|
Karnataka High Court
|
|
|
|
20
|
Sabyasachi Mukherjee
|
December 18, 1989
|
September 25, 1990‡
|
281 days
|
Calcutta High Court
|
||
|
21
|
Ranganath Misra
|
September 26, 1990
|
November 24, 1991
|
424 days
|
|||
|
22
|
Kamal Narain Singh
|
November 25, 1991
|
December 12, 1991
|
17 days
|
Allahabad High Court
|
||
|
23
|
M. H. Kania
|
December 13, 1991
|
November 17, 1992
|
340 days
|
Bombay High Court
|
||
|
24
|
Lalit Mohan Sharma
|
Nov 18, 1992
|
Feb 11, 1993
|
85 days
|
|||
|
25
|
M. N. Venkatachaliah
|
February 12, 1993
|
October 24, 1994
|
619 days
|
Karnataka High Court
|
||
|
26
|
Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi
|
October 25, 1994
|
March 24, 1997
|
881 days
|
Karnataka High Court
|
|
|
|
27
|
Jagdish Sharan Verma
|
March 25, 1997
|
January 17, 1998
|
298 days
|
Madhya Pradesh High Court
|
||
|
28
|
Madan Mohan Punchhi
|
January 18, 1998
|
October 9, 1998
|
264 days
|
Punjab and Haryana High Court
|
|
|
|
29
|
Adarsh Sein Anand
|
October 10, 1998
|
January 11, 2001
|
824 days
|
Madras High Court
Jammu and KashmirHigh Court |
||
|
30
|
Sam Piroj Bharucha
|
January 11, 2001
|
May 6, 2002
|
480 days
|
Karnataka High Court
|
||
|
31
|
Bhupinder Nath Kirpal
|
May 6, 2002
|
November 8, 2002
|
186 days
|
Gujarat High Court
|
||
|
32
|
Gopal Ballav Pattanaik
|
November 8, 2002
|
December 19, 2002
|
41 days
|
Patna High Court
|
||
|
33
|
V. N. Khare
|
Dec 19, 2002
|
May 2, 2004
|
500 days
|
Calcutta High Court
|
||
|
34
|
S. Rajendra Babu
|
May 2, 2004
|
June 1, 2004
|
30 days
|
Karnataka High Court
|
|
|
|
35
|
Ramesh Chandra Lahoti
|
June 1, 2004
|
November 1, 2005
|
518 days
|
Delhi High Court
|
||
|
36
|
Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal
|
November 1, 2005
|
January 13, 2007
|
438 days
|
Bombay High Court
|
||
|
37
|
K. G. Balakrishnan
|
January 13, 2007
|
May 11, 2010
|
1,214 days
|
Kerala High Court
|
||
|
38
|
S. H. Kapadia
|
May 12, 2010
|
Sep 28, 2012
|
870 days
|
Bombay High Court
|
|
|
|
39
|
Altamas Kabir
|
September 29, 2012
|
Incumbent
|
6 days
|
Calcutta High Court
|
||
CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS
OF INDIA
The following have held the post of the Chief Election
Commissioner of India:-[11]
1) Sukumar
Sen: 21 March 1950 to 19 December 1958
2) Kalyan
Sundaram: 20 December 1958 to 30 September 1967
3) S.
P. Sen Verma: 1 October 1967 to 30 September 1972
4) Nagendra
Singh: 1 October 1972 to 6 February 1973
5) T.
Swaminathan: 7 February 1973 to 17 June 1977
6) S.
L. Shakdhar: 18 June 1977 to 17 June 1982
7) R.
K. Trivedi: 18 June 1982 to 31 December 1985
8) R.
V. S. Peri Sastri: 1 January 1986 to 25 November 1990
9) V.
S. Ramadevi: 26 November 1990 to 11 December 1990
10) T.
N. Seshan: 12 December 1990 to 11 December 1996
11) M.
S. Gill: 12 December 1996 to 13 June 2001
12) J.
M. Lyngdoh: 14 June 2001 to 7 February 2004
13) T.
S. Krishnamurthy: 8 February 2004 to 15 May 2005
14) B.
B. Tandon: 16 May 2005 to 29 June 2006
15) N.
Gopalaswami: 30 June 2006 to 20 April 2009
16) Navin
Chawla: 21 April 2009 to 29 July 2010
17) S.
Y. Quraishi: 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012
18) V.
S. Sampath: 10 June 2012 to incumbent
ATTORNEY GENERALS OF INDIA
|
Attorney General
|
Term
|
Incumbent Prime Minister
|
|
M. C. Setalvad
|
28.01.1950 - 01.03.1963
|
Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|
C.K.Daphtary
|
02.03.1963 - 30.10.1968
|
Jawaharlal Nehru; Lal Bahadur Shastri
|
|
Niren De
|
01.11.1968 - 31.03.1977
|
Indira Gandhi
|
|
S.V. Gupte
|
01.04.1977 - 08.08.1979
|
Morarji Desai
|
|
L.N. Sinha
|
09.08.1979 - 08.08.1983
|
Indira Gandhi
|
|
K. Parasaran
|
09.08.1983 - 08.12.1989
|
Indira Gandhi; Rajiv Gandhi
|
|
Soli Sorabjee
|
09.12.1989 - 02.12.1990
|
V. P. Singh; Chandra Shekhar
|
|
G. Ramaswamy
|
03.12.1990 - 23.11.1992
|
Chandra Shekhar; P. V. Narasimha Rao
|
|
Milon K. Banerji
|
21.11.1992 - 08.07.1996
|
P. V. Narasimha Rao
|
|
Ashok Desai
|
09.07.1996 - 06.04.1998
|
H. D. Devegowda; Inder Kumar Gujral
|
|
Soli Sorabjee
|
07.04.1998 - 04.06.2004
|
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
|
|
Milon K. Banerji
|
05.06.2004 - 07.06.2009
|
Manmohan Singh
|
|
Goolam Essaji Vahanvati
|
08.06.2009 – incumbent
|
Manmohan Singh
|
SOLICITOR GENERALS OF INDIAM
|
Solicitor General
|
Term
|
|
Rohinton Nariman
|
23 July 2011 - Incumbent
|
|
Solicitor General
|
Term
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
C.K.Daphtary
|
28.01.1950 – 01.03.1963
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
H.N. Sanyal
|
02.03.1963 – 09.09.1964
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
S.V. Gupta
|
10.09.1964 – 16.09.1967
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Niren De
|
30.09.1967 – 30.10.1968
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Jagadish Swarup
|
05.06.1969 – 04.06.1972
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
L.N. Sinha
|
17.07.1972 – 05.04.1977
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
S.N. Kacker
|
05.04.1977 – 02.08.1979
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Soli Sorabjee
|
09.08.1979 – 25.01.1980
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
K. Parasaran
|
06.03.1980 – 08.08.1983
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Milon K. Banerji
|
04.04.1986 – 03.04.1989
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ashok Desai
|
18.12.1989 – 02.12.1990
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
A.D. Giri
|
04.12.1990 – 01.12.1991
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Dipankar P. Gupta
|
09.04.1992 – 10.04.1997
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
T.R.Andhyarujina
|
11.04.1997 – 04.04.1998
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Nitte Santhosh Hegde
|
10.04.1998 – 07.01.1999
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Harish Salve
|
01.11.1999 - 03.11.2002
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Kirit N Raval
|
04.11.2002 - 19.04.2004
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
G. E. Vahanvati
|
20.04.2004 - 07.06.2009
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Gopal Subramaniam
|
15.06.2009 - 14.7.2011
FIRST IN INDIA AND WORLD
Male
Female
|
No comments:
Post a Comment